Shoulder Arthritis

There are several types of shoulder arthritis, but the two most common are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

• Osteoarthritis, also called “wear and tear” arthritis, is caused by the gradual breakdown of cartilage over time. This is the most common type of shoulder arthritis and is part of the natural aging process.
• Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the joint, leading to inflammation and cartilage loss.
• Post-traumatic arthritis, which develops after a shoulder injury
• Avascular necrosis, where the blood supply to the bone is disrupted, causing it to weaken and collapse. Without proper circulation, bone tissue can die, leading to joint collapse and severe arthritis. Avascular necrosis can be related to trauma, steroid use, or certain medical conditions.

The symptoms tend to develop slowly and worsen over time. One of the earliest signs is pain, especially when moving the arm or lifting objects. The discomfort may also occur at rest or during sleep, making it difficult to find a comfortable position. Many patients report a dull ache deep in the shoulder joint, although pain can also radiate down the arm.

Stiffness is another common symptom. As the cartilage continues to wear away, the shoulder’s range of motion becomes limited. Simple activities such as brushing your hair, tucking in a shirt, or reaching for something on a shelf can become difficult. Some people may also hear or feel grinding, clicking, or popping noises when they move their shoulder — this happens when rough bone surfaces rub together.

In more advanced cases, the shoulder may feel weak, and swelling can occur due to inflammation of the joint. As the condition progresses, pain may persist even when the shoulder is not being used, significantly affecting sleep and quality of life.

• Age is the most significant risk factor. People over the age of 50 are more likely to experience cartilage wear and joint degeneration. However, athletes and individuals who place high demands on their shoulders at younger ages may also develop arthritis earlier.
• Previous injuries such as fractures, dislocations, or rotator cuff tears increase the risk because they alter the mechanics of the shoulder joint. Occupations or activities that involve repetitive arm movements — such as construction work, painting, or throwing sports — can also contribute to earlier joint wear.
• People with inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or gout are at higher risk due to the ongoing inflammation that damages cartilage and bone. Certain metabolic or vascular conditions, as well as long-term use of corticosteroids, can also predispose individuals to avascular necrosis and subsequent arthritis.
• Genetics may also play a role, as arthritis sometimes runs in families. Lifestyle factors, such as repetitive overhead activities, heavy lifting, or sports involving shoulder motion, can increase wear on the joint over time.

If shoulder pain, stiffness, or weakness interferes with your daily activities, it is important to consult an orthopedic specialist. Early diagnosis can help slow the progression of arthritis and prevent further joint damage. A specialist can perform a physical examination, evaluate your range of motion, and order imaging tests such as X-rays or MRI scans to assess the extent of cartilage loss and joint damage.

Treatments are tailored to the severity of symptoms, the underlying cause, and your lifestyle goals. For patients with significant pain or loss of motion, advanced surgical options may be considered to restore comfort and improve function.